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1
HUMAN BIOLOGY
Sixteenth Edition
Sylvia S. Mader
Michael Windelspecht
Laboratory 1
Scientific Investigation Laboratory
©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
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2
Science as a Process2
Sciencea way of knowing about the natural
world.
Scientists should be objective (factual), not
subjective (involves judgment).
The scientific process uses the scientific method.
A standard series of steps.
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3
Start with an Observation
Observation is a formal way of watching the
natural world.
Made with.
the senses (sight, smell).
the help of instruments like microscopes.
through research.
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4
Develop a Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a possible explanation for the
observation of a natural event.
Inductive reasoningwhen someone uses
creative thinking to combine facts into a
cohesive whole.
Scientists make a testable prediction based on a
hypothesis.
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5
Test a Hypothesis
Scientists use deductive reasoning to test the
hypothesis (“if, then” logic).
Experiments are designed with experimental
variables (independent) and responding
(dependent) variables.
Test groups and a control groups are also used.
Model organisms (like mice) are also used.
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6
Collecting and Analyzing the Data1
Results are derived from experiments.
Results, in the form of data, may be presented
in a variety of formats.
Graphs are useful tools to summarize data.
Line graphs, bar graphs.
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7
The Presentation of Scientific Data
(Figure 1.9)
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8
Collecting and Analyzing the Data2
Statistics are used to interpret data.
Statistical data include a standard error (standard
deviation) to show how uncertain a value is.
Statistical significance is determined to evaluate
the probability that the results are due to chance
or some other experimental variable.
Studies can be published in Scientific publications.
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9
Develop a Conclusion
Scientists analyze the data in order to reach a
conclusion about whether a hypothesis is
supported or not.
The conclusion of one experiment can lead to
the hypothesis for another experiment.
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10
Scientific Theory
Scientific theoryaccepted explanations for
how the world works.
That is, cell theoryall organisms are made of cells.
Law, or principleaccepted by an overwhelming
majority of scientists.
That is, evolution.
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11
An Example of a Controlled Study
Hypothesis: antibiotic B is better than the
currently used antibiotic A.
Control group: subjects with ulcers receive a
placebo (a pill that contains no medication).
The two test groups each receive one of the
antibiotics.
Double-blind studyneither the doctors nor the
patients know which group they are in.
Conclusionantibiotic B had better results.
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12
A Controlled Laboratory
Experiment to Test the
Effectiveness of a
Medication in Humans
(Figure 1.10)
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14
Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and
Body Membranes1
Learning Outcomes:
Summarize the function of each organ system in the
human body.
Identify the major cavities of the human body.
Name the body membranes and provide a function
for each.
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15
Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and
Body Membranes2
Organa group of tissues performing a common
function.
Groups of organs with a similar function form an
organ system.
Some of these organ systems (for example, the
respiratory system) occupy specific cavities; others,
(for example, the muscular system) are found
throughout the body.
Organs and cavities are lined with membranes,
many of which secrete fluid.
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16
Organ Systems of the Body
(Figure 4.13)1
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17
Organ Systems of the Body
(Figure 4.13)2
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18
Body Cavities
Body cavities.
Two main cavities: ventral and dorsal.
Ventral cavity.
Contains the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.
Thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated by the
diaphragm.
Dorsal cavity.
Contains the cranial cavity and vertebral canal.
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19
Body Cavities of Humans (Figure 4.14a)
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20
Body Cavities of Humans (Figure 4.14b)
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21
Homeostasis2
Homeostasis.
A relatively constant internal environment.
There are various conditions in the body that are
maintained within a relatively narrow range of
normal values.
That is, blood glucose, pH, body temperature.
If conditions vary too much, illness results.
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23
The Body Systems and Homeostasis
The nervous and endocrine systems coordinate
the other organ systems.
The nervous system is faster, but the effects of the
endocrine system last longer.
The endocrine system secretes hormoneschemical
messengers that travel in blood.
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25
Anatomical Position
The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and
the palms forward. The anatomical position is of importance in
anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomical
nomenclature. Anatomic terms such as anterior and posterior,
medial and lateral, abduction and adduction, and so on apply
to the body when it is in the anatomical position.
1/2015
25
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Sixteenth Edition
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HUMAN BIOLOGY
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HUMAN BIOLOGY
Sixteenth Edition
Sylvia S. Mader
Michael Windelspecht
Laboratory 4
Enzymes
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Enzymes 1
Enzymes5
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Enzymes 2
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Protein Func>ons 2
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Amino Acids: Subunits of Proteins
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The Structure of Amino Acids (Figure 2.21)
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Synthesis and Breakdown of a Protein
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Levels of Protein Organiza>on 2
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