©2020 McGraw-Hill Education
1
HUMAN BIOLOGY
Sixteenth Edition
Sylvia S. Mader
Michael Windelspecht
• Laboratory 1
• Scientific Investigation Laboratory
• ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
©2020 McGraw-Hill Education
2
Science as a Process2
Science—a way of knowing about the natural
world.
Scientists should be objective (factual), not
subjective (involves judgment).
The scientific process uses the scientific method.
• A standard series of steps.
©2020 McGraw-Hill Education
3
Start with an Observation
Observation is a formal way of watching the
natural world.
Made with.
• the senses (sight, smell).
• the help of instruments like microscopes.
• through research.
©2020 McGraw-Hill Education
4
Develop a Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a possible explanation for the
observation of a natural event.
Inductive reasoning—when someone uses
creative thinking to combine facts into a
cohesive whole.
Scientists make a testable prediction based on a
hypothesis.
©2020 McGraw-Hill Education
5
Test a Hypothesis
Scientists use deductive reasoning to test the
hypothesis (“if, then” logic).
Experiments are designed with experimental
variables (independent) and responding
(dependent) variables.
Test groups and a control groups are also used.
Model organisms (like mice) are also used.
©2020 McGraw-Hill Education
6
Collecting and Analyzing the Data1
Results are derived from experiments.
Results, in the form of data, may be presented
in a variety of formats.
Graphs are useful tools to summarize data.
• Line graphs, bar graphs.
©2020 McGraw-Hill Education
7
The Presentation of Scientific Data
(Figure 1.9)
Access the text alternative for these images
©2020 McGraw-Hill Education
8
Collecting and Analyzing the Data2
Statistics are used to interpret data.
Statistical data include a standard error (standard
deviation) to show how uncertain a value is.
Statistical significance is determined to evaluate
the probability that the results are due to chance
or some other experimental variable.
Studies can be published in Scientific publications.
©2020 McGraw-Hill Education
9
Develop a Conclusion
Scientists analyze the data in order to reach a
conclusion about whether a hypothesis is
supported or not.
The conclusion of one experiment can lead to
the hypothesis for another experiment.
©2020 McGraw-Hill Education
10
Scientific Theory
Scientific theory—accepted explanations for
how the world works.
• That is, cell theory—all organisms are made of cells.
Law, or principle—accepted by an overwhelming
majority of scientists.
• That is, evolution.
©2020 McGraw-Hill Education
11
An Example of a Controlled Study
Hypothesis: antibiotic B is better than the
currently used antibiotic A.
Control group: subjects with ulcers receive a
placebo (a pill that contains no medication).
The two test groups each receive one of the
antibiotics.
Double-blind study—neither the doctors nor the
patients know which group they are in.
Conclusion—antibiotic B had better results.
©2020 McGraw-Hill Education
12
A Controlled Laboratory
Experiment to Test the
Effectiveness of a
Medication in Humans
(Figure 1.10)
Access the text alternative for these images
©2020 McGraw-Hill Education
14
Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and
Body Membranes1
Learning Outcomes:
• Summarize the function of each organ system in the
human body.
• Identify the major cavities of the human body.
• Name the body membranes and provide a function
for each.
©2020 McGraw-Hill Education
15
Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and
Body Membranes2
Organ—a group of tissues performing a common
function.
Groups of organs with a similar function form an
organ system.
• Some of these organ systems (for example, the
respiratory system) occupy specific cavities; others,
(for example, the muscular system) are found
throughout the body.
Organs and cavities are lined with membranes,
many of which secrete fluid.
©2020 McGraw-Hill Education
16
Organ Systems of the Body
(Figure 4.13)1
Access the text alternative for these images
©2020 McGraw-Hill Education
17
Organ Systems of the Body
(Figure 4.13)2
Access the text alternative for these images
©2020 McGraw-Hill Education
18
Body Cavities
Body cavities.
• Two main cavities: ventral and dorsal.
• Ventral cavity.
• Contains the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.
• Thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated by the
diaphragm.
• Dorsal cavity.
• Contains the cranial cavity and vertebral canal.
©2020 McGraw-Hill Education
19
Body Cavities of Humans (Figure 4.14a)
Access the text alternative for these images
©2020 McGraw-Hill Education
20
Body Cavities of Humans (Figure 4.14b)
Access the text alternative for these images
©2020 McGraw-Hill Education
21
Homeostasis2
Homeostasis.
• A relatively constant internal environment.
• There are various conditions in the body that are
maintained within a relatively narrow range of
normal values.
• That is, blood glucose, pH, body temperature.
• If conditions vary too much, illness results.
©2020 McGraw-Hill Education
23
The Body Systems and Homeostasis
The nervous and endocrine systems coordinate
the other organ systems.
• The nervous system is faster, but the effects of the
endocrine system last longer.
• The endocrine system secretes hormones—chemical
messengers that travel in blood.
©2020 McGraw-Hill Education
25
Anatomical Position
The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and
the palms forward. The anatomical position is of importance in
anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomical
nomenclature. Anatomic terms such as anterior and posterior,
medial and lateral, abduction and adduction, and so on apply
to the body when it is in the anatomical position.
1/2015
25
HUMAN BIOLOGY
Sixteenth Edition
!"#$%&'!(')&*+,
)%-.&+#'/%0*+#12+-.3
4&56,&36,"'7'
)%-,61-62+'&0*'
8+##'!3,9-39,+':'
;90-<60
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)2345$6..$(-789:$(;:;(<;05$61983(-=;0$34.>$?3($-4:9(1&93($1:;$-4$98;$&.)::(33@5$$A3$(;B(301&234$3($?1(98;($0-:9(-C1234$B;(@-D;0$*-98319$98;$B(-3($*(-D;4$&34:;49$3?$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)2345
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
"
8+##'!3,9-39,+'&0*';90-<60='/.&3'>1'&'8+##
E;)(4-47$F19&3@;:G
•
H9)9;$98;$C):-&$B(-4&-B.;:$3?$98;$&;..$98;3(>5
•
/IB.)-4$83*$98;$:1(?)&;+)(;)+93+<3.1@;$()23$.-@-9:$
&;..$:-=;5
•
H1@@)(-=;$98;$(3.;$3?$@-&(3:&3B>$-4$98;$:910>$3?$&;..:5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
J
?.+'8+##'?.+6,"
K8;'-+##'3.+6,"('
•
8+##L98;$C):-&$14-9$3?$.-?;5
•
6..$.-<-47$98-47:$)(;$@)0;$1B$3?$&;..:5
•
A;*$&;..:$)(-:;$34.>$?(3@$B(;;I-:247$&;..:5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
M
8+##1'@&,"'%0'!3,9-39,+'&0*';90-<60'
A;%B9,+'C(DE
NC.330$&;..:OG$!H9;<;$':&8@;-::4;(P$H&-;4&;$Q8393$
E-C()(>P';D>$R@)7;:S$N4;(<;$&;..:OG$!HQEPH&-;4&;$H31(&;S$
N3:9;3&>9;OG$!%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
T
8+##'!%F+
U;..:$)(;$:@)..$C;&)1:;$3?$98;-($19,G&-+H&,+&H36H
$6#9I+',&<6(
•
H@)..;($&;..:$8)<;$)$.)(7;($)@3149$3?$:1(?)&;$)(;)$
&3@B)(;0$93$98;$<3.1@;5
•
64$-4&(;):;$-4$:1(?)&;$)(;)$)..3*:$?3($@3(;$419(-;49:$
93$B)::$-493$98;$&;..$)40$@3(;$*):9;:$93$;I-9$98;$&;..5
•
K8;(;$-:$)$.-@-9$93$83*$.)(7;$)$&;..$&)4$C;$*8-.;$
(;@)-4-47$;V&-;49$)40$@;9)C3.-&)..>$)&2<;5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
W
)%-,61-62"'D
X;:3.1234$3?$98;$-@)7;$<)(-;:$)@347$0-Y;(;49$
9>B;:$3?$@-&(3:&3B;:5
86I2690*'#%B.3'I%-,61-62+(
•
E3*;($@)74-Z&)234$98)4$398;($@-&(3:&3B;:5
•
[:;:$7.)::$.;4:;:$)40$.-789$C;)@:$93$<-;*$-@)7;:5
•
U)4$<-;*$.-<;$:B;&-@;4:5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
\
J+16#$%0B'K6L+,'6G'3.+'M"+'&0*'86II60'
)%-,61-62+1'A?&5#+'C(DE
?&5#+'C(D'J+16#$%0B'K6L+,'6G'3.+'M"+'&0*'86II60''''''''
)%-,61-62+1
)&B0%N-&<60 J+16#$%0B'K6L+,
M"+ AP6 #5]$@@$N]##$^@O
4%B.3'I%-,61-62+ ]5###_ #5###]$@@$N#5]$^@O$
?,&01I%11%60'+#+-3,60
I%-,61-62+
]##`###_$N3($7(;)9;(O #5#####]$@@$N#5#]$^@O
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
a
)%-,6B,&2.1'6G'O9I&0'J+*'P#66*'8+##1'
A;%B9,+'C(CE
6&&;::$98;$9;I9$).9;(4)2<;$?3($98;:;$-@)7;:
N)OG$!/0$X;:&8b;P';D>$R@)7;:S$NCOG$!H9;<;$
':&8@;-::4;(PH&-;4&;$Q8393$E-C()(>P';D>$R@)7;:S$N&OG$
!H&-;4&;$Q8393$E-C()(>P';D>$R@)7;:$
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
c
)%-,61-62"'7
?,&01I%11%60'+#+-3,60'I%-,61-62+(
•
"+d$-@)7;5
•
[:;:$)$:9(;)@$3?$;.;&9(34:$93$<-;*$@)74-Z;0$-@)7;:5
•
K8;$81@)4$;>;$&)4439$:;;$98;$-@)7;S$-9$@1:9$C;$
B(3e;&9;0$3493$)$:&(;;45
•
,-78$@)74-Z&)234`$43$.-<;$:B;&-@;4:5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
]#
)%-,61-62"'C
!-&00%0B'+#+-3,60'I%-,61-62+(
•
J+d$-@)7;5
•
[:;:$)$C;)@$3?$;.;&9(34:$93$<-;*$:1(?)&;$:9(1&91(;:$
3?$:B;&-@;4:5
•
,-78$@)74-Z&)234`$43$.-<;$:B;&-@;4:5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
]]
8.+-Q'R69,'K,6B,+11'C(D
H1@@)(-=;$98;$&;..$98;3(>`$)40$:9)9;$-9:$
-@B3(9)4&;$93$98;$:910>$3?$C-3.37>5
/IB.)-4$83*$)$&;..f:$:-=;$(;.)9;:$93$-9:$?14&2345
U3@B)(;$)40$&349():9$98;$-4?3(@)234$98)9$@)>$
C;$3C9)-4;0$?(3@$)$.-789$@-&(3:&3B;$)40$)4$
;.;&9(34$@-&(3:&3B;5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
]"
O6L'8+##1'S,+'T,B&0%F+*'D
E;)(4-47$F19&3@;:G
•
d-:2471-:8$C;9*;;4$98;$:9(1&91(;$3?$)$B(3b)(>32&$
&;..$)40$98)9$3?$)$;1b)(>32&$&;..5
•
R0;42?>$98;$(3.;:$3?$98;$B.):@)$@;@C()4;$)40$98;$
3(7)4;..;:$3?$)$&;..5
•
H1@@)(-=;$83*$;1b)(>32&$&;..:$;<3.<;0$?(3@$
B(3b)(>32&$&;..:5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
]J
O6L'8+##1'S,+'T,B&0%F+*'7
U;..:$)(;$&.)::-Z;0$-493$9*3$&)9;73(-;:G$
B(3b)(>39;:$)40$;1b)(>39;:5
•
K,6Q&,"6<-'-+##1'A2,6Q&,"63+1E(
•
E)&b$)$41&.;1:5
•
R4&.10;$9*3$7(31B:$3?$C)&9;(-)G$;1C)&9;(-)$)40$
)(&8);C)&9;(-).5
•
M9Q&,"6<-'-+##1'A+9Q&,"63+1E(
•
,)<;$)$41&.;1:5
•
R4&.10;$)4-@).:`$B.)49:`$?147-`$B(32:9:5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
]M
?.+'!3,9-39,+'6G'&'?"2%-&#'M9Q&,"6<-'8+##'
A;%B9,+'C(U&E
!6.?(;0$Q):-;b)PH&-;4&;$H31(&;$
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
]T
?.+'!3,9-39,+'6G'&'?"2%-&#'M9Q&,"6<-'8+##'
A;%B9,+'C(U5E
6&&;::$98;$9;I9$).9;(4)2<;$?3($98;:;$-@)7;:
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
]W
O6L'8+##1'&,+'T,B&0%F+*'C
g398$9>B;:$3?$&;..:$8)<;G$
•
6$2#&1I&'I+I5,&0+(
•
H1((3140:$98;$&;..5
•
%)0;$3?$)$B83:B83.-B-0$C-.)>;($98)9$-:$1+#+-<$+#"'
2+,I+&5#+'N(;71.)9;:$*8)9$;49;(:$)40$.;)<;:$98;$&;..O5
•
6$-"362#&1IG$98;$:;@-h1-0$:1C:9)4&;$-4:-0;$98;$&;..5
•
R4&.10;:$6,B&0+##+1$N-49;(4).$&3@B)(9@;49:$*-98$
:B;&-).-=;0$?14&234:O5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
]\
M$6#9<60&,"'O%136,"'6G'3.+'M9Q&,"6<-'8+##
K8;$Z(:9$&;..:$34$/)(98$*;(;$B(3b)(>39;:$
N)(&8);)4:O5
•
K8;$)9@3:B8;(;$8)0$43$3I>7;45
•
H3@;$)(&8);)4:$:2..$:1(<-<;$-4$<;(>$-483:B-9)C.;$
&340-234:5
•
K8)9$-:$-4$98;(@).$<;49:5
•
/1b)(>32&$&;..:$;<3.<;0$?(3@$)(&8);)5
•
M0*61"I5%61%1L3(7)4;..;:$@)>$8)<;$0;<;.3B;0$?(3@$
;1b)(>39;:$;471.Z47$B(3b)(>32&$&;..:5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
]a
?.+'V9-#+91'&0*'M0*6I+I5,&0+'!"13+I'D
E;)(4-47$F19&3@;:G
•
d;:&(-C;$98;$:9(1&91(;$3?$98;$41&.;1:$)40$;IB.)-4$-9:$
(3.;$):$98;$:93()7;$B.)&;$3?$7;4;2&$-4?3(@)2345
•
H1@@)(-=;$98;$?14&234:$3?$98;$3(7)4;..;:$3?$98;$
;403@;@C()4;$:>:9;@5
•
/IB.)-4$98;$(3.;$)40$.3&)234$3?$98;$(-C3:3@;:5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
]c
?.+'V9-#+91'&0*'M0*6I+I5,&0+'!"13+I'7
K8;$09-#+91$&349)-4:$98;$7;4;2&$-4:9(1&234:$?3($
@)41?)&91(-47$98;$B(39;-4:$98)9$)(;$-4<3.<;0$-4$
@3:9$&;..1.)($?14&234:5
K8;$+0*6I+I5,&0+'1"13+I'-:$)$:;(-;:$3?$
@;@C()431:$3(7)4;..;:$98)9$?14&234$93$B(3&;::$
@)9;(-).:$?3($98;$&;..5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
"#
?.+'V9-#+91'D
K8;$41&.;1:5
•
U349)-4:$dA6$-4$98;$?3(@$3?$-.,6I&<0$@3:9$3?$98;$
2@;`$)40$-.,6I616I+1$*8;4$98;$&;..$-:$0-<-0-475
•
dA6$-:$@)0;$1B$3?$B+0+1`$*8-&8$&349)-4$-4:9(1&234:$?3($
98;$B(301&234$3?$B(39;-4:5
•
V9-#+62#&1IL98;$h1-0$-4:-0;$98;$41&.;1:5
•
V9-#+6#91L0)(b$(;7-34$-4:-0;$98;$41&.;1:5
•
Q(301&;:$(-C3:3@;:5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
"]
?.+'V9-#+91'&0*'M0*62#&1I%-'J+<-9#9I'
A;%B9,+'C(DC&E
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
""
?.+'V9-#+91'7
K8;$41&.;1:`$&34241;05
•
V9-#+&,'+0$+#62+L)$031C.;$@;@C()4;$)(3140$98;$
41&.;1:5
•
V9-#+&,'26,+1L83.;:$-4$98;$41&.;)($;4<;.3B;S$)..3*$
B)::)7;$3?$:1C:9)4&;:$-4$)40$319$3?$98;$41&.;1:5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
"J
J%5616I+1
J%5616I+1(
•
%)0;$3?$(XA6$)40$B(39;-45
•
H-9;:$3?$B(39;-4$:>498;:-:5
•
i3140$)D)&8;0$93$98;$;403B.):@-&$(;2&1.1@$3($
?(;;+h3)247$-4$98;$&>93B.):@5
•
j8;4$?(;;+h3)247`$3&&1($:-47.>$3($-4$7(31B:$&)..;0$
26#",%5616I+1(
•
Q(39;-4:$:>498;:-=;0$)9$(-C3:3@;:$)D)&8;0$93$98;$
;403B.):@-&$(;2&1.1@$8)<;$)$0-Y;(;49$0;:24)234$?(3@$
983:;$@)0;$)9$?(;;+h3)247$(-C3:3@;:5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
"M
?.+'M0*6I+I5,&0+'!"13+I'D
K8;$+0*6I+I5,&0+'1"13+I(
•
U34:-:9:$3?$98;$09-#+&,'+0$+#62+W'+0*62#&1I%-'
,+<-9#9IW'X6#B%'&22&,&391W'#"1616I+1W')40'$+1%-#+1(
•
i14&234:$93$&3@B)(9@;49).-=;$98;$&;..$)40$9()4:B3(9$
:1C:9)4&;:$98(3178319$98;$&;..5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
"T
?.+'M0*6I+I5,&0+'!"13+I'7
J69B.'+0*62#&1I%-',+<-9#9I'AJMJEL:9100;0$
*-98$(-C3:3@;:$1:;0$93$@)b;$B(39;-4:5
!I663.'+0*62#&1I%-',+<-9#9I'A!MJEL.)&b:$
(-C3:3@;:S$:>498;:-=;:$.-B-0:5
•
,):$0-Y;(;49$?14&234:$-4$<)(-31:$&;..$9>B;:5
X6#B%'&22&,&391Lh)D;4;0$:)&:S$@30-?>$
B(39;-4:$)40$.-B-0:5
•
R4<3.<;0$-4$B(3&;::-47`$B)&b)7-47`$)40$:;&(;2345
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
"W
?.+'M0*6I+I5,&0+'!"13+I'A;%B9,+'C(DUE
6&&;::$98;$9;I9$).9;(4)2<;$?3($98;:;$-@)7;:
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
"\
?.+'M0*6I+I5,&0+'!"13+I'C
@+1%-#+1L:@)..$@;@C()431:$:)&:$1:;0$?3($
9()4:B3(95
4"1616I+1L<;:-&.;:$@)0;$C>$98;$'3.7-$98)9$
&349)-4$."*,6#"<-'+0F"I+1`$*8-&8$C(;)b$03*4$
@3.;&1.;:$-493$:@)..;($B)(9:5
•
Q(;<).;49$-4$*8-9;$C.330$&;..:$98)9$;471.?$0-:;):;+
&)1:-47$@-&(3C;:5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
"a
8.+-Q'R69,'K,6B,+11'C(U
d;:&(-C;$98;$?14&234:$3?$98;$?3..3*-47$3(7)4;..;:G$
;403B.):@-&$(;2&1.1@`$'3.7-$)BB)()91:`$)40$
.>:3:3@;:5
/IB.)-4$83*$98;$41&.;1:`$(-C3:3@;:`$)40$(3178$
;403B.):@-&$(;2&1.1@$&349(-C19;$93$B(39;-4$
:>498;:-:5
d;:&(-C;$98;$3(7)4;..;:$3?$98;$;403@;@C()4;$
:>:9;@$-4<3.<;0$-4$98;$;IB3(9$3?$)$B(39;-4$?(3@$
98;$&;..5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
"c
'?.+'8"361Q+#+360W'8+##')6$+I+03W'&0*'
8+##'Y90-<601
E;)(4-47$F19&3@;:G
•
/IB.)-4$98;$(3.;$3?$98;$&>93:b;.;934$-4$98;$&;..5
•
H1@@)(-=;$98;$@)e3($B(39;-4$ZC;(:$-4$98;$
&>93:b;.;9345
•
d;:&(-C;$98;$(3.;$3?$h)7;..)$)40$&-.-)$-4$81@)4$&;..:5
•
U3@B)(;$98;$?14&234:$3?$)08;:-34$e14&234:`$7)B$
e14&234:`$)40$2789$e14&234:$-4$81@)4$&;..:5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
J#
?.+'8"361Q+#+360'D
K8;$-"361Q+#+360($
•
Q(39;-4$ZC;(:$98)9$@)-49)-4$&;..$:8)B;`$)4&83($
)40P3($@3<;$3(7)4;..;:$-4$98;$&;..5
•
%)0;$3?$J$9>B;:$3?$ZC;(:G$I%-,63959#+1`$*8-&8$)(;$
98;$.)(7;:9S$@-00.;+:-=;0$%03+,I+*%&3+'N#&I+031S$
)40$98-4$&-<0'N#&I+0315
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
J]
?.+'8"361Q+#+360'7
K8;$-"361Q+#+360`$&34241;05
•
%-&(391C1.;:5
•
%-&(391C1.;$)::;@C.>$-:$&349(3..;0$C>$98;$-+03,616I+(
•
,;.B$@)-49)-4$&;..$:8)B;5
•
6&9$):$9()&b:$).347$*8-&8$3(7)4;..;:$@3<;5
•
d1(-47$&;..$0-<-:-34`$?3(@$98;$:B-40.;$)BB)()91:`$*8-&8$
8;.B:$@3<;$&8(3@3:3@;:5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
J"
?.+'8"361Q+#+360'C
K8;$-"361Q+#+360`$&34&.10;05
•
6&24$Z.)@;49:5
•
%)0;$3?$98;$B(39;-4$&-<0(
•
E347$)40$<;(>$98-45
•
R4<3.<;0$-4$@3<;@;495
•
R49;(@;0-)9;$Z.)@;49:5
•
H-=;0$-4+C;9*;;4$)&24$Z.)@;49:$)40$@-&(391C1.;:5
•
i14&234:$<)(>5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
JJ
8%#%&'&0*';#&B+##&
8%#%&$Nsingular`$&-.-1@O$)40$Z&B+##&'Nsingular`$
h)7;..1@O5
•
g398$)(;$@)0;$3?$@-&(391C1.;:5
•
g398$)(;$1:;0$-4$@3<;@;495
•
K8)9$-:`$&-.-)$-4$98;$(;:B-()93(>$9()&9$@3<;$@1&1:$93*)(0$
98;$98(3)95
•
K8)9$-:`$h)7;..)$34$:B;(@$B(3B;.$98;@$93*)(0$98;$;775
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
JM
!3,9-39,+'&0*'
;90-<60'6G'3.+'
;#&B+##&'&0*'8%#%&'
A;%B9,+'C(D[E
N)OG$!d(5$K34>$g()-4PH&-;4&;$Q8393$E-C()(>P$';D>$R@)7;:S$N&OG$
!d(5$'5$%3:&3:3PH&-;4&;$H31(&;$
6&&;::$98;$9;I9$).9;(4)2<;$?3($98;:;$-@)7;:
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
JT
M\3,&-+##9#&,')&3,%\
M\3,&-+##9#&,'I&3,%\(
•
6$B(39;&2<;$@;:8$3?$B(39;-4:$)40$B3.>:)&&8)(-0;:5$
•
H1((3140:$98;$&;..$98)9$B(301&;:$-95
•
U349)-4:$-6##&B+0`$*8-&8$(;:-:9:$:9(;9&8-47`$)40$
+#&1<0`$*8-&8$B(3<-0;:$(;:-.-;4&;5
•
;%5,60+-<0L)4$)08;:-<;$B(39;-4$98)9$C-40:$93$
%03+B,%0`$)4$-49;7().$@;@C()4;$B(39;-4$98)9$-:$
&344;&9;0$93$98;$&>93:b;.;9345
•
Q.)>:$)$(3.;$-4$&;..$:-74).-475
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
JW
?.+'!3,9-39,+'6G'
&')%36-.60*,%60'
A;%B9,+'C(7]E
6&&;::$98;$9;I9$).9;(4)2<;$?3($98;:;$-@)7;:
!k;-98$X5$Q3(9;(PH&-;4&;$H31(&;$
HUMAN BIOLOGY
Sixteenth Edition
!"#$%&'!(')&*+,
)%-.&+#'/%0*+#12+-.3
4&56,&36,"'7
)6#+-8#&,')6$+9+03:';+##'
)+95,&0+'<'=,&0126,3
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)2345$6..$(-789:$(;:;(<;05$61983(-=;0$34.>$?3($-4:9(1&93($1:;$-4$98;$&.)::(33@5$$A3$(;B(301&234$3($?1(98;($0-:9(-C1234$B;(@-D;0$*-98319$98;$B(-3($*(-D;4$&34:;49$3?$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)2345
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
"
=.+'>#&19&')+95,&0+'&0*'?6@'
!8513&0-+1';,611'A3
E;)(4-47$F19&3@;:G
•
H;:&(-C;$98;$:9(1&91(;$3?$98;$B.):@)$@;@C()4;$)40$
.-:9$98;$9>B;$3?$@3.;&1.;:$?3140$-4$98;$@;@C()4;5
•
H-:2471-:8$C;9*;;4$98;$B(3&;::;:$3?$0-I1:-34J$
3:@3:-:J$)40$?)&-.-9)9;0$9()4:B3(95
•
/KB.)-4$83*$934-&-9>$(;.)9;:$93$98;$0-(;&234$3?$*)9;($
@3<;@;49$)&(3::$)$@;@C()4;5
•
L3@B)(;$B)::-<;+9()4:B3(9$)40$)&2<;+9()4:B3(9$
@;&8)4-:@:5
•
M1@@)(-=;$83*$;1N)(>32&$&;..:$@3<;$.)(7;$
@3.;&1.;:$)&(3::$@;@C()4;:5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
O
=.+'>#&19&')+95,&0+'B
>#&19&'9+95,&0+(
•
P83:B83.-B-0$C-.)>;($*-98$B(39;-4:$98)9$)(;$)D)&8;0$
)40$;@C;00;05
•
Q8;4$B83:B83.-B-0:$)(;$B.)&;0$-4$*)9;(J$98;>$4)91()..>$
?3(@$)$:B8;(-&).$C-.)>;(5
•
,>0(3B8-.-&$8;)0:$?)&;$98;$&>93B.):@$)40$;K9()&;..1.)($R1-05
•
,>0(3B83C-&$9)-.:$?)&;$-4*)(05
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
S
C,D&0%E&F60'6G'3.+'>#&19&')+95,&0+'
HI%D8,+'7(JK
6&&;::$98;$9;K9$).9;(4)2<;$?3($98;:;$-@)7;:
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
T
U8;$P.):@)$%;@C()4;$
•
I#8%*L961&%-'96*+#(
•
P(39;-4:$@3<;$.-N;$
V:8-B:W$98(3178$
B83:B83.-B-0$V:;)W
•
L349)-4:$&83.;:9;(3.$?3($
:1BB3(95
•
M#"-6B(39;-4:$X$
M#"-6.-B-0:
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
Y
=.+'>#&19&')+95,&0+'7
>#&19&'9+95,&0+:'-60-#8*+*(
•
M3@;$@;@C()4;$B(39;-4:$)&9$):$&8)44;.:5
•
:;.;&2<;
•
M@)..J$8>0(3B83C-&$:1C:9)4&;:$B)::$?(;;.>$98(3178$
98;$B83:B83.-B-0$C-.)>;(5
•
/KG$3K>7;4$)40$&)(C34$0-3K-0;5
•
Z34:$)40$.)(7;$@3.;&1.;:$4;;0$8;.B$B)::-47$98(31785
•
/KG$Q)9;($&)4$&(3::$98;$@;@C()4;$C>$B)::-47$98(3178$&8)44;.:$
&)..;0$&N8&26,%01(
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
[
!+#+-F$+'>+,9+&5%#%3"'6G'3.+'>#&19&'
)+95,&0+'HI%D8,+'7(OK
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
\
/&"1'!8513&0-+1';,611'3.+'>#&19&'
)+95,&0+'B
P%Q81%60(
C1961%1(
I&-%#%3&3+*'*%Q81%60(
R-F$+'3,&0126,3(
S0*6-"361%1'&0*'+T6-"361%1(
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
]
P%Q81%60U98;$()403@$@3<;@;49$3?$@3.;&1.;:$
?(3@$)$8-78;($&34&;49()234$93$)$.3*;($
&34&;49()2345
•
^42.$98;>$)(;$;_1)..>$0-:9(-C19;05
•
>&11%$+'96$+9+03`$43$;4;(7>$-:$(;_1-(;05
•
%3.;&1.;:$@3<;$-4$C398$0-(;&234:J$C19$98;$0+3'
96$+9+03$-:$?(3@$8-78$93$.3*$&34&;49()2345
•
69$+N8%#%5,%89J$98;$:)@;$41@C;($3?$@3.;&1.;:$@3<;$-4$
)40$319$3?$98;$&;..5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
a#
P%Q81%60'R-,611'3.+'>#&19&')+95,&0+'
HI%D8,+'7(VK
6&&;::$98;$9;K9$).9;(4)2<;$?3($98;:;$-@)7;:
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
aa
C1961%1
C1961%1b98;$0-I1:-34$3?$*)9;($@3.;&1.;:`$
?(3@$8-78$93$.3*$water &34&;49()2345
•
A3(@)..>$C30>$R1-0:$)(;$%16360%-$93$&;..:5
•
U8;$:)@;$&34&;49()234$3?$-@B;(@;)C.;$:3.19;:5
•
L;..:$03$439$&8)47;$-4$:-=;5
•
?"26360%-$:3.1234:$8)<;$?;*;($:3.19;:5
•
L;..:$:*;..$)40$&)4$C1(:9$c#"1%1d5
•
?"2+,360%-$:3.1234:$8)<;$@3(;$:3.19;:5
•
L;..:$:8(-4N$c-,+0&F60d5
•
C196F-'2,+118,+'0(-<;:$3:@3:-:5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
a"
SQ+-31'6G';.&0D+1'%0'=60%-%3"'60'W+*'
X#66*';+##1'HI%D8,+'7(YK
6&&;::$98;$9;K9$).9;(4)2<;$?3($98;:;$-@)7;:
c)eCdG$!P3*;($)40$M>(;0fM&-;4&;$P8393$E-C()(>f';D>$Z@)7;:`$
c&dG$!M9;<;$':&8@;-::4;(fM&-;4&;$P8393$E-C()(>f';D>$Z@)7;:$
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
aO
I&-%#%3&3+*'=,&0126,3
I&-%#%3&3+*'3,&0126,3(
•
U8;$9()4:B3(9$3?$@3.;&1.;:$)&(3::$98;$B.):@)$
@;@C()4;$?(3@$8-78;($&34&;49()234$93$.3*;($
&34&;49()234$<-)$)$B(39;-4$&)((-;(5
•
>&11%$+'3,&0126,3'c43$;4;(7>$(;_1-(;0d5
•
P(39;-4$9()4:B3(9;(:$)(;$<;(>$:B;&-g&$)40$34.>$@3<;$
&;(9)-4$@3.;&1.;:5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
aS
I&-%#%3&3+*'=,&0126,3'R-,611'&'>#&19&'
)+95,&0+'HI%D8,+'7(BZK
6&&;::$98;$9;K9$).9;(4)2<;$?3($98;:;$-@)7;:
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
aT
R-F$+'=,&0126,3
R-F$+'3,&0126,3b98;$@3<;@;49$3?$@3.;&1.;:$
?(3@$)$lower 93$higher &34&;49()2345$
•
^:;:$6UP$):$;4;(7>5
•
h;_1-(;:$)$B(39;-4$&)((-;(J$*8-&8$-:$3i;4$&)..;0$)$
2892(
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
aY
R-F$+'=,&0126,3'&0*'3.+'!6*%89L
>63&11%89'>892'HI%D8,+'7(BBK
6&&;::$98;$9;K9$).9;(4)2<;$?3($98;:;$-@)7;:
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
a[
X8#['=,&0126,3'B
L;..:$1:;$C1.N$9()4:B3(9$93$@3<;$.)(7;$@3.;&1.;:$
)&(3::$98;$@;@C()4;5
•
S0*6-"361%1$9()4:B3(9:$@3.;&1.;:$3($&;..:$-493$98;$&;..$
<-)$-4<)7-4)234$3?$98;$B.):@)$@;@C()4;$93$?3(@$)$
<;:-&.;5
•
>.&D6-"361%1b;403&>93:-:$3?$B)9837;4:$c98)9$-:J$C)&9;(-)d$
C>$*8-9;$C.330$&;..:5
•
>%06-"361%1b;403&>93:-:$3?$R1-0$*-98$:@)..$B)(2&.;:5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
a\
ST&92#+1'6G'X8#['=,&0126,3'HI%D8,+'7(B\K
6&&;::$98;$9;K9$).9;(4)2<;$?3($98;:;$-@)7;:
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
a]
X8#['=,&0126,3'\
j1.N$9()4:B3(9J$&34241;05
•
ST6-"361%1$9()4:B3(9:$@3.;&1.;:$319:-0;$98;$&;..$<-)$
98;$?1:-34$3?$)$<;:-&.;$*-98$98;$B.):@)$@;@C()4;5
•
M3(9$3?$.-N;$(;<;(:;$;403&>93:-:5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
"#
=.+']8-#+81'&0*'S0*69+95,&0+'!"13+9'B
E;)(4-47$F19&3@;:G
•
H;:&(-C;$98;$:9(1&91(;$3?$98;$41&.;1:$)40$;KB.)-4$-9:$
(3.;$):$98;$:93()7;$B.)&;$3?$7;4;2&$-4?3(@)2345
•
M1@@)(-=;$98;$?14&234:$3?$98;$3(7)4;..;:$3?$98;$
;403@;@C()4;$:>:9;@5
•
/KB.)-4$98;$(3.;$)40$.3&)234$3?$98;$(-C3:3@;:5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
"a
=.+']8-#+81'&0*'S0*69+95,&0+'!"13+9'\
U8;$08-#+81$&349)-4:$98;$7;4;2&$-4:9(1&234:$?3($
@)41?)&91(-47$98;$B(39;-4:$98)9$)(;$-4<3.<;0$-4$
@3:9$&;..1.)($?14&234:5
U8;$+0*69+95,&0+'1"13+9'-:$)$:;(-;:$3?$
@;@C()431:$3(7)4;..;:$98)9$?14&234$93$B(3&;::$
@)9;(-).:$?3($98;$&;..5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
""
=.+']8-#+81'B
U8;$41&.;1:5
•
L349)-4:$HA6$-4$98;$?3(@$3?$-.,69&F0$@3:9$3?$98;$
2@;J$)40$-.,696169+1$*8;4$98;$&;..$-:$0-<-0-475
•
HA6$-:$@)0;$1B$3?$D+0+1J$*8-&8$&349)-4$-4:9(1&234:$?3($
98;$B(301&234$3?$B(39;-4:5
•
]8-#+62#&19b98;$R1-0$-4:-0;$98;$41&.;1:5
•
]8-#+6#81b0)(N$(;7-34$-4:-0;$98;$41&.;1:5
•
P(301&;:$(-C3:3@;:5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
"O
HUMAN BIOLOGY
Sixteenth Edition
Sylvia S. Mader
Michael Windelspecht
Laboratory 4
Enzymes
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)2345$6..$(-789:$(;:;(<;05$61983(-=;0$34.>$?3($-4:9(1&93($1:;$-4$98;$&.)::(33@5$$A3$(;B(301&234$3($?1(98;($0-:9(-C1234$B;(@-D;0$*-98319$98;$B(-3($*(-D;4$&34:;49$3?$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)2345
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
"
Enzymes 1
Enzymes5
•
EB;;0$1B$98;$()9;$3?$)$&8;@-&).$(;)&2345
•
FG;4$4)@;0$?3($98;$@3.;&1.;:$98)9$98;>$*3(H$34$
I&)..;0$substratesJ5
•
K8)9$-:L$.-B-0:$)(;$C(3H;4$03*4$C>$.-B):;5
•
Ac>ve siteM)(;)$3?$98;$;4=>@;$*8;(;$98;$
:1C:9()9;$C-40:5
•
N@B)(9$:B;&-O&-9>$93$98;$;4=>@;5
•
6(;$439$1:;0$1B$-4$)$(;)&234P$)(;$(;1:;05
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
Q
Ac>on of an Enzyme (Figure 3.18)
6&&;::$98;$9;R9$).9;(4)2<;$?3($98;:;$-@)7;:
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
S
Enzymes 2
Enzymes, con>nued.$
•
T3*;($98;$energy of ac>va>onM98;$;4;(7>$4;;0;0$
93$:9)(9$)$&8;@-&).$(;)&2345
•
E3@;$;4=>@;:$)(;$)-0;0$C>$434B(39;-4$@3.;&1.;:$
&)..;0$coenzymes.
•
U-9)@-4:$)(;$3G;4$&3@B34;49:$3?$&3;4=>@;:5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
V
Energy of Ac>va>on (Figure 3.19)
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
W
Proteins
T;)(4-47$F19&3@;:5
•
X;:&(-C;$98;$:9(1&91(;$3?$)4$)@-43$)&-05
•
/RB.)-4$83*$)@-43$)&-0:$)(;$&3@C-4;0$93$?3(@$
B(39;-4:5
•
E1@@)(-=;$98;$?31($.;<;.:$3?$B(39;-4$:9(1&91(;5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
Y
Protein Func>ons 1
Protein$?14&234:Z
•
SupportM98)9$-:L$H;()24$?3(@:$8)-($)40$4)-.:L$
&3..)7;4$.;40:$:1BB3(9$93$.-7)@;49:$)40$:H-45
•
EnzymesM:B;;0$&8;@-&).$(;)&234:5
•
Transport.
•
K8)9$-:L$&8)44;.$)40$&)((-;($B(39;-4:$-4$&;..$@;@C()4;:$
)..3*$:1C:9)4&;:$93$.;)<;$)40$;49;($98;$&;..5
•
K8)9$-:L$9()4:B3(9$@3.;&1.;:$-4$98;$C.3305
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
[
Protein Func>ons 2
Protein$?14&234:L$&34241;0Z
•
DefenseM)42C30-;:$)(;$B(39;-4:$98)9$C-40$93$
?3(;-74$:1C:9)4&;:$&)..;0$)427;4:$)40$0-:)C.;$98;@5
•
HormonesM&8;@-&).$@;::;47;(:5
•
Mo>onM&349()&2.;$B(39;-4:$)..3*$B)(9:$3?$&;..:$93$
@3<;$)40$@1:&.;:$93$&349()&95
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
\
Amino Acids: Subunits of Proteins
Amino acidsM98;$:1C14-9:$3?$B(39;-4:5
•
]3@B34;49:Z$)4$)@-43$7(31BL$)$&)(C3R>.$7(31B$)40$
)4$R$7(31B5
•
/)&8$)@-43$)&-0$0-^;(:$-4$-9:$R$7(31B5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
_#
The Structure of Amino Acids (Figure 2.21)
6&&;::$98;$9;R9$).9;(4)2<;$?3($98;:;$-@)7;:
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
__
Pep>des
Pep>de bond
•
K8;$B3.)($&3<).;49$C340$C;9*;;4$9*3$)@-43$)&-0:5
Polypep>de
•
K8(;;$3($@3(;$)@-43$)&-0:$.-4H;0$937;98;(5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
_"
Synthesis and Breakdown of a Protein
(Figure 2.22)
6&&;::$98;$9;R9$).9;(4)2<;$?3($98;:;$-@)7;:
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
_Q
Shape of Proteins
6$B(39;-4`:$Q+0-@;4:-34).$:8)B;$-:$&.3:;.>$.-4H;0$
93$-9:$?14&2345
Denatura>onM98;$&8)47;$-4$98;$:8)B;$3?$)$
B(39;-4P$&)1:;0$C>$;R9(;@;$8;)9$3($B,5
•
X-:(1B9:$98;$B(39;-4`:$?14&2345
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
_S
Levels of Protein Organiza>on 1
6..$B(39;-4:$8)<;$B(-@)(>L$:;&340)(>L$)40$9;(2)(>$
.;<;.:$3?$:9(1&91(;P$34.>$)$?;*$8)<;$a1)9;(4)(>$
:9(1&91(;5
•
E8)B;:$)(;$&(;)9;0$C>$8>0(37;4$C340-47$C;9*;;4$
)@-43$)&-0:5
•
Primary structureM98;$.-4;)($3(0;($3?$)@-43$)&-0:5
•
Secondary structureM.3&).-=;0$?3.0-475
•
b;:1.9:$-4$)4$alpha (α) helix 3($beta (β) pleated sheet.
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
_V
Levels of Protein Structure
(Figure 2.23 a-b)
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
_W
Levels of Protein Organiza>on 2
c(39;-4$:9(1&91(;L$&34241;05
•
Ter>ary structure.
•
K8;$Q+X$:8)B;$3?$98;$;42(;$B(39;-45
•
X;9;(@-4;0$C>$)..$98(;;$C340$9>B;:$I-34-&L$&3<).;49L$
8>0(37;4J5
•
Quaternary structureM)$&3@C-4)234$3?$@3(;$98)4$
34;$B3.>B;B20;L$;)&8$*-98$-9:$3*4$B(-@)(>L$
:;&340)(>L$)40$9;(2)(>$:9(1&91(;5
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
_Y
Levels of Protein Structure
(Figure 2.23 c-d)
!"#"#$%&'()*+,-..$/01&)234
_[
Check Your Progress 2.6
X;:&(-C;$98;$@)d3($?14&234:$3?$B(39;-4:5
/RB.)-4$98;$:9(1&91(;$3?$)4$)@-43$)&-05
T-:9$98;$?31($.;<;.:$3?$B(39;-4$:9(1&91(;$)40$
C(-;e>$;RB.)-4$98;$?)&93(:$98)9$&349(-C19;$93$
;)&8$.;<;.5
!"#$%&$'()"*+,$-./0,1/0$
!"#.("2.(3
45"2$6.$#+./.)+727$80"*$950*$2503$170$250$20(8$:.()"*+,;<
•
-./0,1/07$25"2$,.*2"+*$#.25$="(#.*$>$
?36(.)0*
45"2$"(0$250$@$)(.1A7$.B$'()"*+,$-./0,1/07
•
="(#.536("207
•
C(.20+*7
•
!+A+67
•
D1,/0+,$E,+67
="(#.536("207
•
E//$,.*2"+*$=F$?$>$'
•
G"7+,$H2(1,21("/$I*+2$+7$J&K&J$
•
L/1,.70$+7$250$8.72$,.88.*$7+8A/0$71)"($M8.*.7",,5"(+60N
•
45"2$6.$3.1$,"//$+2$950*$3.1$,.8#+*0$K$8.*.7",,5"(+60$
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO<
•
45"2$(0",P.*$6.$3.1$170$2.$6.$25+7<
•
!.*)$,5"+*7$.B$8.*.7",,5"(+60Q7$"(0$,"//06<
•
C./37",,5"(+60$=0//1/.70$+7$B.1*6$+*$A/"*2$9"//7$"*6$+7$"*$+*7./1#/0$R#0(S
•
L/3,.)0*$+7$"*.250($B.(8$.B$)/1,.70$B.1*6$+*$"*+8"/7$"*6$+7$.T0*$(0B0((06$2.$"7$
:"*+8"/$72"(,5;$M75.(2$20(8$0*0()3$72.(")0N$$450(0$+7$+2$72.(06$+*$250$518"*$
#.63<
•
U1*,P.*7$.B$="(#.536("207
–
V8806+"20$0*0()3$"*6$75.(2W20(8$0*0()3$72.(")0
–
H2(1,21("/XH1AA.(2$Y$=0//$9"//7
-.*.7",,5"(+607
•
E(0$7+8A/0$71)"(7$
9+25$ZW[$,"(#.*$
"2.87
•
C0*2.70$+7$250$
)0*0(+,$20(8$B.($
"$%W,"(#.*$71)"(
•
?0\.70$+7$250$
)0*0(+,$20(8$B.($
"$]W,"(#.*$71)"(
•
45"2$+7$"$72(1,21("/$+7.80(<
-.*.7",,5"(+607$,.*2S
-.*.7",,5"(+607$B.(8$(+*)$72(1,21(07$+*$
"^10.17$7./1P.*7
45"2$+7$250$*"80$.B$250$#.*6$B.(806$950*$
_0536("P.*$H3*2507+7$.,,1(7$9+25$H+8A/0$H1)"(7
``'250($6+7",,5"(+607$+*,/160$8"/2.70$"*6$)"/",2.70
C./37",,5"(+607
45.$C(.61,07$2508<$
45"2$6.$2503$6.<
•
=0//1/.70&$$C/"*27$MB.1*6$+*$A/"*2$9"//7N
–
453$6.$90$"7$518"*7$*006$:+*7./1#/0$R#0(;
•
H2"(,5&$H2.(")0$B.(8$.B$L/1,.70$+*$C/"*27
•
L/3,.)0*&$$H2.(")0$B.(8$.B$L/1,.70$+*$E*+8"/7
=0//1/.70
H2"(,5W$72.(")0$.B$)/1,.70$+*$A/"*2
45"2$+7$1706$2.$
72.(0$)/1,.70$+*$
"*+8"/7$M+*,/16+*)$
518"*7N<
C(.20+*7
•
45"2$A(.20+*$6+6$90$/..a$"2$/"72$900a<
•
G"7+,$72(1,21("/$1*+2$+7$"*$"8+*.$",+6$M?KD$b$=''?N
•
]$B1*,P.*7$.B$A(.20+*7
–
H2(1,21(0XH1AA.(2$>$-.c080*2
–
=.881*+,"P.*$M5.(8.*07$>$(0,0A2.(7N
–
d("*7A.(2
–
="2"/37+7
–
e0,.)*+P.*$"*6$A(.20,P.*$M8"(a0(7F$"*P#.6+07F$,/.f*)$
B",2.(7N
–
=0//$"6507+.*
45"2$23A0$.B$#.*6$5./67$"8+*.$",+67$
2.)0250(<
•
C0AP60$G.*6
–
V7$25+7$"$,.c"/0*2F$+.*+,$.($536(.)0*$#.*6<
–
_.07$25+7$#.*6$#(0"a$950*$"*$0*g380$#0,.807$
60*"21(06<